WB, ADB financing model under fire

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[ Jakarta Post ]

Riyadi Suparno ,  The Jakarta Post ,  Nusa Dua, Bali   |  Mon, 05/04/2009 2:07 PM  |  Headlines

Why do the World Bank (WB) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) finance coal-fired energy instead of geothermal and solar energy, and why do they finance the development of roads and not railway lines?

Emil Salim, a former minister for the environment during Soeharto's time, has the answer.

"The key is you pick up projects that are helpful in reducing *poverty and unemployment*, and you go away from investments that are climate resilient," Emil told officials from the ADB and the WB at a seminar on climate change on Sunday.

Emil suggested the ADB and the WB follow the path of Norway in selecting investment projects. Norway, Emil said, did not make investments in tobacco, sugar, salt and other industries that are unhealthy and even reduce the quality of life. "Can't the World Bank and ADB devise similar things: No investment in climate endangering activities? That's missing in the World Bank and ADB."

Salvano Briceno, director of the United Nations' International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, concurred, saying that no banks and even no governments have given priority to reducing risks and vulnerability to climate and disaster in their project financing.

The majority of money, he said, goes to projects with no risk reduction, which makes them prone to disasters. Worse, much of the money goes to responses after disasters happen, i.e. to projects to rebuild houses, bridges, roads and other destroyed infrastructure.

"The reason money goes to the response is because it gives great visibility to political leaders. It's what we call the CNN syndrome. No better time to advertise your works than when a disaster happens. And you have assured spots on TV. But you don't have it when you build schools, when you built hospitals."

He suggested that the World Bank and ADB start advising governments to incorporate environment, risk and vulnerability to disaster measures into their projects.

In response, ADB vice president for knowledge management and sustainable development Ursula Schaefer-Preuss said that the bank had addressed environment and climate change in its long-term strategic framework of development. The ADB, she added, had even established a special fund generated from its own income to finance CO2-reducing projects.

But she acknowledged the amount was very small.

J. Warren Evans, director of Environment Department at the World Bank, noted that if the bank incorporated the environment factor into all of its projects it would increase the cost of projects, and it's unclear who should pay the difference.

Most likely project owners and the governments of developing countries, would not be willing to absorb the added environmental costs, he said.

He suggested the issue be discussed and negotiated at an international level to help resolve the problems; at the upcoming climate change negotiation in Copenhagen, later this year, for instance.

The problem is, financing climate change adaptation is not yet on the table for Copenhagen. Financing for climate change mitigation, which is already incorporated in the Kyoto Protocol, is however.

Evans predicted it would be an uphill battle to simply include financing adaptation into the climate change conference agenda in Copenhagen. But, it's worth a try.

Is China really going green?

[ Telegraph.co.uk ]

By Peter Foster in Urumqi 

Camels still plod the arid plains outside the ancient Silk Road city of Urumqi, their heads bowed into the gritty winds that funnel down the through the valleys of China's Tian Shan, or 'celestial' mountains.

But today the same winds that struck fear into the traders of the Silk Road, swallowing whole caravans in blinding storms of dust, are being used to power plans for a new, green revolution for China's energy-hungry economy.

At Dabancheng, a few miles outside the city, great forests of windmills stretch to the horizon, their blades beating out a lazy rhythm that belies the sudden urgency with which China's rulers are now investing in renewable energy.

The speed with which China is now ramping up its commitment to alternative energies has caught even the most optimistic analysts by surprise, with new green edicts being issued from Beijing on an almost weekly basis.

Last week officials pledged to generate 100 gigawatts of electricity from wind power by 2020, more than tripling the original target of 30GW laid down in a national energy strategy published just 18 months ago.

"The pace of change is unimaginable from just three or four years ago," shouts Yan Weijiang, a director of the Xinjiang Wind Energy Company over the roar of the wind. "If you had talked to me in 2003 or 2004 I would not have believed this was possible."

Mr Yan, who started his career working in coal-fired electricity generation with the state giant PetroChina, said the introduction of a Renewable Energy Law in 2006 offering state subsidies for wind power had been the initial "game-changer" after years of slow growth.

Public attitudes in China towards the environment have also started to change. In the wind-fields of Dabancheng the first 13 windmills, bought from Denmark and erected in 1989, are now used primarily as a tourist attraction.

On the dusty road into Urumqi Chinese families stop to have their pictures taken in front of giant white propellers, and some newly married couples even come to the wind farms for their official wedding photographs.

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2100 Bumi Akan Panas Sekali

[ Kompas.Com ]

COLORADO, KOMPAS.com — Ancaman pemanasan global masih dapat dihilangkan dalam jumlah sangat besar jika semua negara memangkas buangan gas rumah kaca, yang memerangkap panas, sampai 70 persen pada abad ini, demikian hasil satu analisis baru. 

Meskipun temperatur global akan naik, sebagian aspek perubahan iklim yang paling berpotensi menimbulkan bahaya terhadap, termasuk kehilangan besar es laut Kutub Utara dan tanah beku serta kenaikan mencolok permukaan air laut, dapat dihindari. 

Studi tersebut, yang dipimpin oleh beberapa ilmuwan dari National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), direncanakan disiarkan pekan depan di dalam Geophysical Research Letters. Penelitian itu didanai oleh Department of Energy dan National Science Foundation, penaja NCAR. 

"Penelitian ini menunjukkan kita tidak lagi dapat menghindari pemanasan mencolok selama abad ini," kata ilmuwan NCAR Warren Washington, pemimpin peneliti tersebut.

Temperatur rata-rata global telah bertambah hangat mendekati 1 derajat celsius (hampir 1,8 derajat fahrenheit) sejak era pra-industri. Kebanyakan pemanasan disebabkan oleh buangan gas rumah kaca yang dihasilkan manusia, terutama karbon dioksida. 

Gas yang memerangkap panas itu telah naik dari tingkat era pra-industri sekitar 284 bagian per juta (ppm) di atmosfer jadi lebih dari 380 ppm hari ini. 

Sementara penelitian tersebut memperlihatkan bahwa pemanasan tambahan sebesar 1 derajat celsius (1,8 derajat fahrenheit) mungkin menjadi permulaan bagi perubahan iklim yang berbahaya, Uni Eropa telah menyerukan pengurangan dramatis buangan gas karbon dioksida dan gas rumah kaca. Kongres AS juga sedang membahas masalah itu. 

Guna mengkaji dampak pengurangan semacam itu terhadap iklim di dunia, Washington dan rekannya melakukan kajian superkomputer global dengan menggunakan Community Climate System Model, yang berpusat di NCAR. 

Mereka berasumsi, tingkat karbon dioksida dapat dipertahankan pada angka 450 ppm pada penghujung abad ini. Jumlah tersebut berasal dari US Climate Change Science Program, yang telah menetapkan 450 ppm sebagai sasaran yang bisa dicapai jika dunia secara cepat menyesuaikan tindakan pelestarian dan teknologi hijau baru guna mengurangi buangan gas secara dramatis. 

Sebaliknya, buangan gas sekarang berada di jalur menuju tingkat 750 ppm paling lambat pada 2100 jika tak dikendalikan.

Hasil tim tersebut memperlihatkan kalau karbon dioksida ditahan pada tingkat 450 ppm, temperatur global akan naik sebesar 0,6 derajat celsius (sekitar 1 derajat fahrenheit) di atas catatan saat ini sampai akhir abad ini. 

Sebaliknya, studi itu memperlihatkan, temperatur akan naik hampir sebesar empat kali jumlah tersebut, jadi 2,2 derajat celsius (4 derajat fahrenheit) di atas catatan saat ini, kalau buangan gas dibiarkan terus berlanjut di jalurnya saat ini. 

Menahan tingkat karbon dioksida pada angka 450 ppm akan memiliki dampak lain, demikian perkiraan studi contoh iklim itu.

Kenaikan permukaan air laut akibat peningkatan panas karena temperatur air menghangat akan menjadi 14 sentimeter (sekitar 5,5 inci) dan bukan 22 sentimeter (8,7 inci). Kenaikan mencolok permukaan air laut diperkirakan akan terjadi karena pencairan lapisan es dan gletser.

Volume es Kutub Utara pada musim panas menyusut sebanyak seperempat dan diperkirakan akan stabil paling lambat pada 2100. Suatu penelitian telah menyatakan, es musim panas akan hilang sama sekali pada abad ini jika buangan gas tetap pada tingkat saat ini.

Pemanasan Kutub Utara akan berkurang separuhnya sehingga membantu melestarikan populasi ikan dan burung laut serta hewan mamalia laut di wilayah seperti di bagian utara Laut Bering.

Perubahan salju regional secara mencolok, termasuk penurunan salju di US Southwest dan peningkatan di US Norhteast serta Kanada, akan berkurang sampai separuh kalau buangan gas dapat dipertahankan pada tingkat 450 ppm. 

Sistem cuaca itu akan stabil sampai sekitar 2100, dan bukan terus menghangat. Tim penelitian tersebut menggunakan simulasi superkomputer guna membandingkan skenario peristiwa biasa melalui pengurangan dramatis buangan karbon dioksida yang dimulai dalam waktu sekitar satu dasawarsa.

Penulis kajian tersebut menegaskan, mereka tidak mengkaji bagaimana pengurangan seperti itu dapat dicapai atau menyarankan kebijakan tertentu.

"Tujuan kami ialah menyediakan bagi pembuat kebijakan penelitian yang sesuai sehingga mereka dapat membuat keputusan setelah mendapat keterangan," kata Washington.

"Studi ini menyediakan suatu harapan bahwa kita dapat menghindari dampak terburuk perubahan iklim, jika masyarakat dapat mengurangi buangan dalam jumlah besar selama beberapa dasawarsa mendatang dan melanjutkan pengurangan utama sepanjang abad ini."

BNJ 
Sumber : Antara

ADB and JBIC fund Indonesia's geothermal power plant project

[ China View ]

JAKARTA, April 15 (Xinhua) -- The Asia Development Bank (ADB) and the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) funded a geothermal power plant project in Indonesia, a private news portaldetikcom quoted an official as saying on Wednesday.

    The power plant would secure electricity supply to North Sulawesi province ahead of the World Ocean Conference in May 2009.

    The President Director of PT Rekayasa Industri (Rekin) Triharyo Soesilo told the news portal that ADB provided 28 million U.S. dollars while JBIC funded 36 million dollars to the project, namely PLTP Lahendong.

    "On Wednesday afternoon, the Indonesian Energy Minister inaugurated the project," he said.

    PT Rekin, Sumitomo Corp and the state-owned power company PT PLN worked on the project while PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy provided the energy.

    "The project will help the province to welcome guests world widein the 2009 World Ocean Conference event," he said.

    The World Ocean Conference, to be held from May 11 to 14 in Manado, North Sulawesi, would discuss oceans in relation to climate change.